Ectoparasite load of small mammals in the Serengeti Ecosystem: effects of land use, season, host species, age, sex and breeding status.

Ectoparasite load in small mammals can be influenced by both environmental conditions and host species characteristics. However, the nature of these influences is poorly understood in many ecosystems. We used zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression models with a log link function to assess variation in ectoparasite load among 19 small mammal host species across different land uses (protection in a park, pastoralism and agriculture), habitat types, seasons, age classes, sexes and breeding statuses. We collected 4258 ectoparasites from 612 individual belonging to 19 different species of small mammals. The average ectoparasite load per individual was higher in the pastoral and agricultural lands than in the National Park. Ectoparasite load varied among species and was the highest for the four common and generalist small mammal species (Aethomys sp., Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys natalensis, and Gerbilliscus vicinus), most notably in the disturbed pastoral and agricultural lands. It was also higher in the dry than the wet season and for adult males than adult females. These patterns partly reflect the greater mobility of small mammals in the drier conditions; in addition the large body size and home range of males increase the likelihood of encountering parasites. Human disturbance was associated with elevated ectoparasitic load among the small mammals and hence elevated risk of transmission of ectoparasites to humans. As a result, understanding the effect of habitat disturbance on ectoparasite load and its link to zoonotic disease risk should be an important conservation goal and public health priority. Moreover, effective pest control strategies should consider variation in ectoparasite load with land use, habitat type, season and species characteristics.

Pathogen infection and exposure, and ectoparasites of the federally endangered Amargosa vole (Microtus californicus scirpensis), California, USA.

Abstract We surveyed pathogens and ectoparasites among federally endangered Amargosa voles (Microtus californicus scirpensis) and sympatric rodents in Tecopa Hot Springs, Inyo County, California, December 2011-November 2012. We aimed to assess disease and detect possible spillover from or connectivity with other hosts within and outside the Amargosa ecosystem. We assessed 71 individual voles and 38 individual sympatric rodents for current infection with seven vector-borne zoonotic pathogens and past exposure to five pathogens. Thirteen percent of Amargosa voles were PCR positive for Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic protozoan that may alter host behavior or cause mortality. Additionally, we found antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (SL) spp. in 21% of voles, against Anaplasma phagocytophilum in 2.6%, Rickettsia spp. in 13%, relapsing fever Borrelia (3.9%), and T. gondii (7.9%). Sympatric rodents also had active infections with Borrelia SL spp. (15%). Of the ectoparasites collected, the tick Ixodes minor is of particular interest because the study area is well outside of the species' reported range and because I. minor ticks infest migratory birds as well as rodents, showing a potential mechanism for pathogens to be imported from outside the Amargosa ecosystem.

Relación entre la morfofisiología y la carga de ectoparásitos en dos poblaciones de ratas (Rattus sp.) de La Habana / Association of the morphophysiology and the ectoparasite load found in two rat populations (Rattus sp.) in La Habana province

Introducción: algunas respuestas fisioecológicas en roedores se pueden registrar a través del estudio de los índices morfológicos, lo cual constituye un factor de importancia para el control de los múridos. Objetivos: comparar las variables morfofisiológicas en dos poblaciones de ratas y relacionarlas con la carga de ectoparásitos. Métodos: el estudio se realizó entre 2007 y 2008 en dos localidades de La Habana. Para apresar los animales se utilizaron trampas de captura viva previamente cebadas. Se estudiaron cuatro índices morfofisiológicos que fueron comparados entre las dos localidades por un análisis de varianza. Resultados: se analizó un total de 104 roedores identificados como Rattus rattus (83,6 %) y Rattus norvegicus (16,4 %). El índice de riñón relativo presentó diferencias altamente significativas entres las poblaciones. Los valores de los índices morfofisiológicos resultaron inferiores en los animales parasitados. La importancia ecológica y su implicación para el control de los resultados obtenidos son discutidas en el trabajo. Conclusiones: el análisis morfofisiológico demostró que en el puerto de La Habana existe disponibilidad de recursos necesarios para la supervivencia de estas especies, lo cual favorece que los dos sexos soporten mejor la carga de ectoparásitos y constituyan reservorios de estos, así como riesgo de transmisión permanente.

Introduction: some physioecological responses from rodents may be registered through the study of morphological indexes, which is an important factor for the control of rodents. Objectives: to compare the morphophysiological variables in two rat populations and relate them to the ectoparasite loads. Methods: this study was carried out from 2007 to 2008 in two sites of La Habana province. Specially prepared traps to catch rats alive were used. Four morphophysiological indexes were studied and then compared through a variance analysis for the two sites. Results: one hundred four Rattus rattus (83.6 %) and Rattus norvegicus (16.4 %) were analyzed. The relative kidney index showed highly significant different between the rat populations. The morphophysiological indexes were lower in parasitized animals. The ecological importance and the implications of these indexes for the control of obtained results were discussed in this paper. Conclusions: the morphophysiological analysis proved that the necessary resources for the survival of these species are available, which favors that both rat sexes bear the ectoparasite load in a better way, and thus they represent parasite reservoirs and a permanent transmission risk.

Relación entre la morfofisiología y la carga de ectoparásitos en dos poblaciones de ratas (Rattus sp) de La Habana / Association of the morpho physiology and the ectoparasite load found in two rat populations (Rattus sp) in La Habana province

Introducción: algunas respuestas fisioecológicas en roedores se pueden registrar a través del estudio de los índices morfológicos, lo cual constituye un factor de importancia para el control de los múridos. Objetivos: comparar las variables morfofisiológicas en dos poblaciones de ratas y relacionarlas con la carga de ectoparásitos. Métodos: el estudio se realizó entre 2007 y 2008 en dos localidades de La Habana. Para apresar los animales se utilizaron trampas de captura viva previamente cebadas. Se estudiaron cuatro índices morfofisiológicos que fueron comparados entre las dos localidades por un análisis de varianza. Resultados: se analizó un total de 104 roedores identificados como Rattus rattus (83,6 por ciento) y Rattus norvegicus (16,4 por ciento). El índice de riñón relativo presentó diferencias altamente significativas entres las poblaciones. Los valores de los índices morfofisiológicos resultaron inferiores en los animales parasitados. La importancia ecológica y su implicación para el control de los resultados obtenidos son discutidas en el trabajo. Conclusiones: el análisis morfofisiológico demostró que en el puerto de La Habana existe disponibilidad de recursos necesarios para la supervivencia de estas especies, lo cual favorece que los dos sexos soporten mejor la carga de ectoparásitos y constituyan reservorios de estos, así como riesgo de transmisión permanente(AU)

Introduction: some physioecological responses from rodents may be registered through the study of morphological indexes, which is an important factor for the control of rodents. Objectives: to compare the morphophysiological variables in two rat populations and relate them to the ectoparasite loads. Methods: this study was carried out from 2007 to 2008 in two sites of La Habana province. Specially prepared traps to catch rats alive were used. Four morphophysiological indexes were studied and then compared through a variance analysis for the two sites. Results: one hundred four Rattus rattus (83.6 percent) and Rattus norvegicus (16.4 percent) were analyzed. The relative kidney index showed highly significant different between the rat populations. The morphophysiological indexes were lower in parasitized animals. The ecological importance and the implications of these indexes for the control of obtained results were discussed in this paper. Conclusions: the morphophysiological analysis proved that the necessary resources for the survival of these species are available, which favors that both rat sexes bear the ectoparasite load in a better way, and thus they represent parasite reservoirs and a permanent transmission risk(AU)